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1 Gray, Elisha
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 2 August 1835 Barnesville, Ohio, USAd. 21 January 1901 Newtonville, Massachusetts, USA[br]American inventor who was only just beaten by Alexander Graham Bell in the race for the first telephone patent.[br]Initially apprenticed to a carpenter, Gray soon showed an interest in chemistry, but he eventually studied electrical engineering at Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, in the late 1850s. In 1869 he founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company, where he devised an electric-needle annunciator for use in hotels and lifts and carried out experimental work aimed at the development of a means of distant-speech communication. After successful realization of a liquid-based microphone and public demonstrations of a receiver using a metal diaphragm, on 14 February 1876 he deposited a caveat of intention to file a patent claim within three months for the invention of the telephone, only to learn that Alexander Graham Bell had filed a full patent claim only three hours earlier on the same day. Following litigation, the patent was eventually awarded to Bell. In 1880 Gray was appointed Professor of Dynamic Electricity at Oberlin College, but he appears to have retained his business interests since in 1891 he was both a member of the firm of Gray and Barton and electrician to his old firm, Western Electric. Subsequently, in 1895, he invented the TelAutograph, a form of remote-writing telegraph, or facsimile, capable of operating over short distances. The system used a transmitter in which the x and y movements of a writing stylus were coupled to a pair of variable resistors. In turn, these were connected by two telegraph wires to a pair of receiving coils, which were used to control the position of a pen on a sheet of paper, thus replicating the movement of the original stylus.[br]Bibliography1878, Experimental Research in Electro-Harmonic Telegraph and Telephony, 1867–76.Further ReadingJ.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph.D.A.Hounshill, 1975, "Elisha Gray and the telephone. On the disadvantage of being an expert", Technology and Culture 16:133.—1976, "Bell and Gray. Contrast in style, politics and etiquette", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,305.International Telecommunications Union, 1965, From Semaphore to Satellite, Geneva.KF -
2 Gray, Elisha
(1835-1901) Грей, ЭлишаИзобретатель. Вел исследования в области телеграфной и телефонной связи. Выпускник Оберлинского колледжа [ Oberlin College], позднее профессор электродинамики того же колледжа. Получил свыше 70 патентов на различные устройства для передачи по проводам телеграфных сигналов, речевых сообщений и графических изображений. Лишь на несколько часов опоздал с заявкой на ключевое устройство для телефона, и патент на телефонный аппарат после долгого процесса был выдан А. Беллу [ Bell, Alexander Graham], хотя до сих пор приоритет последнего считается спорнымEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Gray, Elisha
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3 Telecommunications
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4 Bell, Alexander Graham
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 3 March 1847 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 3 August 1922 Beinn Bhreagh, Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada[br]Scottish/American inventor of the telephone.[br]Bell's grandfather was a professor of elocution in London and his father an authority on the physiology of the voice and on elocution; Bell was to follow in their footsteps. He was educated in Edinburgh, leaving school at 13. In 1863 he went to Elgin, Morayshire, as a pupil teacher in elocution, with a year's break to study at Edinburgh University; it was in 1865, while still in Elgin, that he first conceived the idea of the electrical transmission of speech. He went as a master to Somersetshire College, Bath (now in Avon), and in 1867 he moved to London to assist his father, who had taken up the grandfather's work in elocution. In the same year, he matriculated at London University, studying anatomy and physiology, and also began teaching the deaf. He continued to pursue the studies that were to lead to the invention of the telephone. At this time he read Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, an important work on the theory of sound that was to exert a considerable influence on him.In 1870 he accompanied his parents when they emigrated to Canada. His work for the deaf gained fame in both Canada and the USA, and in 1873 he was apponted professor of vocal physiology and the mechanics of speech at Boston University, Massachusetts. There, he continued to work on his theory that sound wave vibrations could be converted into a fluctuating electric current, be sent along a wire and then be converted back into sound waves by means of a receiver. He approached the problem from the background of the theory of sound and voice production rather than from that of electrical science, and by 1875 he had succeeded in constructing a rough model. On 7 March 1876 Bell spoke the famous command to his assistant, "Mr Watson, come here, I want you": this was the first time a human voice had been transmitted along a wire. Only three days earlier, Bell's first patent for the telephone had been granted. Almost simultaneously, but quite independently, Elisha Gray had achieved a similar result. After a period of litigation, the US Supreme Court awarded Bell priority, although Gray's device was technically superior.In 1877, three years after becoming a naturalized US citizen, Bell married the deaf daughter of his first backer. In August of that year, they travelled to Europe to combine a honeymoon with promotion of the telephone. Bell's patent was possibly the most valuable ever issued, for it gave birth to what later became the world's largest private service organization, the Bell Telephone Company.Bell had other scientific and technological interests: he made improvements in telegraphy and in Edison's gramophone, and he also developed a keen interest in aeronautics, working on Curtiss's flying machine. Bell founded the celebrated periodical Science.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLegion of Honour; Hughes Medal, Royal Society, 1913.Further ReadingObituary, 7 August 1922, The Times. Dictionary of American Biography.R.Burlingame, 1964, Out of Silence into Sound, London: Macmillan.LRD
См. также в других словарях:
Gray, Elisha — ▪ American inventor born Aug. 2, 1835, Barnesville, Ohio, U.S. died Jan. 21, 1901, Newtonville, Mass. U.S. inventor and contestant with Alexander Graham Bell (Bell, Alexander Graham) in a famous legal battle over the invention of the telephone.… … Universalium
Gray, Elisha — ► (1835 1901) Físico e inventor estadounidense. Fue el inventor del teleautógrafo para transmitir la escritura … Enciclopedia Universal
Elisha Gray — (* 2. August 1835 in Barnesville, Ohio; † 21. Januar 1901 in Newtonville, Massachusetts) war ein US amerikanischer Lehrer, Erfinder und Unternehmer. Gray verlor bereits im Alter vo … Deutsch Wikipedia
Elisha Gray — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gray. Elisha Gray, 1835 1901 Elisha Gray, né le 2 août 1835 à Barnesville … Wikipédia en Français
Gray — ► sustantivo masculino MEDICINA Unidad de dosis absorbida durante una irradiación de rayos ionizantes. * * * gray. (De S. Gray, 1666 1736, físico inglés). m. Fís. Unidad de dosis absorbida de radiación ionizante del Sistema Internacional,… … Enciclopedia Universal
Elisha Gray — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Elisha Gray Inventor del teléfono y el telégrafo musical … Wikipedia Español
Elisha — (v. hebr. Elischa) ist ein Vorname. Weibliche Namensträger Elisha Cuthbert (* 1982), kanadische Schauspielerin Männliche Namensträger Elisha Abas (* 1971), israelischer Pianist Elisha Cook (1903 1995), US amerikanischer Schauspieler Elisha Graves … Deutsch Wikipedia
Gray (surname) — Gray is a surname usually of Scottish origin, and may refer to many people.Also, there are many people in Ireland with the last name Gray that are not of Ulster Scot heritage. It can be an anglicanized version of of the native Irish MagRaith… … Wikipedia
Gray (Familienname) — Gray ist ein englischer Familienname. Herkunft Der Name stammt überwiegend aus Schottland, z. T. auch Irland, und hat offenbar nichts mit grey „grau“ zu tun. Varianten Grey (Familienname) (nur scheinbar verwandt) Bekannte Namensträger… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Gray — puede referirse a: Contenido 1 Apellido 1.1 Personajes 1.1.1 Botánicos[1] 2 Divisiones administrativas … Wikipedia Español
Gray — 〈[grɛı] n. 15; 〉 Einheit für die Energiedosis ionisierender Strahlen, 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad [nach dem amerikan. Physiker Louis Harold Gray, 1905 1965] * * * Gray [greɪ; nach dem brit. Physiker L. H. Gray (1905–1965)], das; s; Einheitenzeichen:… … Universal-Lexikon
